{"id":1072,"date":"2026-01-21T17:25:31","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T16:25:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/?page_id=1072"},"modified":"2026-03-10T14:07:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T13:07:46","slug":"biographies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/","title":{"rendered":"Biographies"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1072\" class=\"elementor elementor-1072\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c80ab2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9c80ab2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02243d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02243d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Biographies<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540b54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-grid\" data-id=\"540b54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-grid.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing-grid jet-listing\"><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__items grid-col-desk-1 grid-col-tablet-1 grid-col-mobile-1 jet-listing-grid--1074 grid-collapse-gap\" data-queried-id=\"1072|WP_Post\" data-nav=\"{&quot;enabled&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;more_el&quot;:null,&quot;query&quot;:{&quot;query_id&quot;:3,&quot;posts_per_page&quot;:-1,&quot;signature&quot;:&quot;7dc761d6b57ca81b4007bb90e4d6e96f90c4896ff16c2675bfa783f673c8ff28&quot;},&quot;widget_settings&quot;:{&quot;lisitng_id&quot;:1074,&quot;posts_num&quot;:-1,&quot;columns&quot;:1,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:1,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;column_min_width&quot;:240,&quot;column_min_width_tablet&quot;:240,&quot;column_min_width_mobile&quot;:240,&quot;inline_columns_css&quot;:false,&quot;is_archive_template&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;post_status&quot;:[&quot;publish&quot;],&quot;use_random_posts_num&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;max_posts_num&quot;:9,&quot;not_found_message&quot;:&quot;No people found&quot;,&quot;is_masonry&quot;:false,&quot;equal_columns_height&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;use_load_more&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;load_more_id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;load_more_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;load_more_offset&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:0,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;use_custom_post_types&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_post_types&quot;:[],&quot;hide_widget_if&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;carousel_enabled&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;arrows&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;arrow_icon&quot;:&quot;fa fa-angle-left&quot;,&quot;dots&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;center_mode&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;inject_alternative_items&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;injection_items&quot;:[],&quot;scroll_slider_enabled&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;scroll_slider_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;custom_query&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;custom_query_id&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;_element_id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;collapse_first_last_gap&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;list_tag_selection&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;list_items_wrapper_tag&quot;:&quot;div&quot;,&quot;list_item_tag&quot;:&quot;div&quot;,&quot;empty_items_wrapper_tag&quot;:&quot;div&quot;}}\" data-page=\"1\" data-pages=\"0\" data-listing-source=\"query\" data-listing-id=\"1074\" data-query-id=\"3\"><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1084 elementor-dcss-6116671097365063\" data-post-id=\"1084\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"leo-baeck\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1165 lazyload\" alt=\"Leo Baeck\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1165\" alt=\"Leo Baeck\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Leo-Baeck-1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leo Baeck<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1873\u20131956)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Leo Baeck was born on May 23, 1873, in Lissa, the son of a rabbi. He began his studies at the rabbinical seminary in Breslau before moving to Berlin, where he studied at the College for Jewish Studies and Friedrich Wilhelm University. He received his doctorate in 1895 with a thesis on \u201cSpinoza&#8217;s First Influences [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leo Baeck was born on May 23, 1873, in Lissa, the son of a rabbi. He began his studies at the rabbinical seminary in Breslau before moving to Berlin, where he studied at the College for Jewish Studies and Friedrich Wilhelm University. He received his doctorate in 1895 with a thesis on \u201cSpinoza&#8217;s First Influences on Germany\u201d and then took up a position as rabbi in Oppeln. He returned to Berlin in 1912, where he worked as a community rabbi and taught at the College for Jewish Studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baeck held various offices, including chairman of the General German Rabbinical Association from 1922 and chairman of the Central Welfare Office of Jews in Germany from 1925, and became increasingly central to the Jewish community in Berlin and throughout Germany, thanks in part to his talent for mediating between different points of view.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When, in the face of increasing anti-Semitic persecution, various Jewish associations joined together in 1933 to form the Reich Representation of German Jews, Baeck was unanimously elected president. In this role, he sought both to support the increasingly impoverished Jewish population and to facilitate emigration.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baeck remained president even after the forced merger of all Jewish institutions into the Reich Association of Jews in Germany, which was henceforth subordinate to the Nazi authorities. Despite having the opportunity to do so, he decided not to emigrate in order to continue supporting German Jews and to enable their escape.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1943, he was deported to Theresienstadt but ultimately survived the Holocaust.&nbsp; After the war, he emigrated to London and continued his political activism, serving as president of the World Union for Progressive Judaism and as a professor at Hebrew Union College in the United States, among other positions. He died in London on November 2, 1956.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Leo Baeck Institute, founded in Jerusalem, New York, and London in 1955, which is dedicated to researching and preserving the heritage of German-speaking Jewry, is named after him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/biografie\/leo-baeck\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Alexander M\u00fchle\/Arnulf Scriba\/Thabea Lintzmeyer: Leo Baeck 1873\u20131956, Lebendiges Museum Online, URL: https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/biografie\/leo-baeck.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elias H. F\u00fcllenbach\/Walter Homolka: Rabbiner Leo Baeck (J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 75), Hentrich &amp; Hentrich, Berlin 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lbi.org\/de\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u00dcber das LBI, Leo-Baeck-Institute New York Berlin, URL: https:\/\/www.lbi.org\/de\/about\/.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1113 elementor-dcss-6116671155925062\" data-post-id=\"1113\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"beate-berger\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1114 lazyload\" alt=\"Beate Berger\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1114\" alt=\"Beate Berger\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Beate-Berger.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beate Berger<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1886\u20131940)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beate Berger, a nurse and social worker born in Niederbreisig in 1886, initially worked as a saleswoman before choosing to become a nurse in her mid-20s. She completed her training in Frankfurt in 1912 and was a member of the Frankfurt Jewish Nurses&#8217; Association. During World War I, she cared for war wounded as a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beate Berger, a nurse and social worker born in Niederbreisig in 1886, initially worked as a saleswoman before choosing to become a nurse in her mid-20s. She completed her training in Frankfurt in 1912 and was a member of the Frankfurt Jewish Nurses&#8217; Association. During World War I, she cared for war wounded as a surgical nurse for the German Red Cross.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1920s, Beate took over the management of the Jewish orphanage at Auguststra\u00dfe 14\u201316 (Berlin) with the support of her sister Else. Her youngest brother Alfred had been in Berlin since 1918 and ran the Workers&#8217; Welfare Office of the Jewish Organizations of Germany at Auguststra\u00dfe 17. There he offered legal advice to Jewish migrants on issues such as passports, residence permits, taxes, and housing. Her eldest brother Julius was the director of the Cologne City Theater and later secretary general of the World <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Zionism\">Zionist<\/a> Organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beate renamed the home \u201cBeit Ahawah\u201d (Hebrew: House of Love) in 1924. After the Nazis came to power, she and her three siblings organized the departure of the children from the home. They founded a new home in Kiryat Bialik near Haifa under the name \u201cAhawah.\u201d And they were able to save over 100 children from the Shoah. Ahawah still exists today in Israel as a \u201chome and educational institution for orphans and children from broken families.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/judaicaffm\/content\/titleinfo\/5351447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">10 Jahre &#8220;Ahawah&#8221;. 10 Jahre Arbeit f\u00fcr die j\u00fcdische Jugend. Ein Rechenschaftsbericht f\u00fcr die Freunde der &#8220;Ahawah&#8221; 1922\/1932, Berlin 1932, URL: https:\/\/sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/judaicaffm\/content\/titleinfo\/5351447.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ayelet Bargur: Ahawah hei\u00dft Liebe. Die Geschichte des j\u00fcdischen Kinderheims in der Berliner Auguststra\u00dfe, M\u00fcnchen 2006, p. 32.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.juedische-pflegegeschichte.de\/personen\/beate-berta-beth-berger\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Beate Berger, J\u00fcdische Pflegegeschichte, URL: https:\/\/www.juedische-pflegegeschichte.de\/personen\/beate-berta-beth-berger\/.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/themen\/nationalsozialismus-zweiter-weltkrieg\/schicksalsjahr-1938\/258887\/das-kinderheim-beit-ahawah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Das Kinderheim Beit Ahawah, 24.4.2018, bpb.de, URL: https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/themen\/nationalsozialismus-zweiter-weltkrieg\/schicksalsjahr-1938\/258887\/das-kinderheim-beit-ahawah\/.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/JdischesJahrbuchGrossBerlin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">J\u00fcdisches Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Gross-Berlin 1926, Scherbel &amp; Co. Verlag, Berlin-Grunewald 1926, p. 219, URL: https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/JdischesJahrbuchGrossBerlin.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sieglind Ellger-R\u00fcttgardt: Erinnerungen ehemaliger Erzieher und Erzieherinnen an das Berliner Kinderheim \u201eAhawa\u201c, in: dies.: Verloren und Un-Vergessen. J\u00fcdische Heilp\u00e4dagogik in Deutschland, Deutscher Studienverlag, Weinheim 1996, pp. 279\u2013310.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1147 elementor-dcss-6116671203279158\" data-post-id=\"1147\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"cora-berliner\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1148 lazyload\" alt=\"Cora Berliner\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1148\" alt=\"Cora Berliner\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cora-Berliner.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cora Berliner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1890\u20131942)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Social scientist Cora Berliner (born September 1, 1923, in Hanover) was the first female state councilor in German history. She completed her studies in mathematics and political science and law in Berlin and Heidelberg in 1916 with a doctorate.&nbsp;&nbsp; She then worked for many years in the Sch\u00f6neberg city administration and was even elected to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Social scientist Cora Berliner (born September 1, 1923, in Hanover) was the first female state councilor in German history. She completed her studies in mathematics and political science and law in Berlin and Heidelberg in 1916 with a doctorate.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She then worked for many years in the Sch\u00f6neberg city administration and was even elected to the city council. She worked as an economic advisor to the German embassy in London, later returning to Berlin to become a professor of economics.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the Nazis came to power, she was dismissed from public service because she was Jewish. From then on, she worked with social worker <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#hannah-karminski\">Hannah Karminski<\/a> in the Jewish Women&#8217;s Association and in the welfare system of the Reich Representation of Jews in Germany. In this context, she particularly supported girls and women in emigrating.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On June 26, 1942, she was deported to Minsk, together with other employees of the Reich Association. Shortly afterwards, she was most likely murdered in the Maly Trostinez extermination camp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BArch, R 4901\/16529, Akten betreffend Frau Professor Dr. Cora Berliner.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sibylle Quack: Cora Berliner, Gertrud Kolmar, Hannah Arendt. Stra\u00dfen am &#8220;Denkmal f\u00fcr die ermordeten Juden Europas&#8221; ehren ihr Andenken (J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 33), Hentrich &amp; Hentrich, Berlin 2005.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1137 elementor-dcss-6116671269256998\" data-post-id=\"1137\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"dora-diamant\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1138 lazyload\" alt=\"Dora Diamant\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1138\" alt=\"Dora Diamant\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Dora-Diamant.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dora Diamant<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1898-1952)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dora Diamant (born March 4, 1898, in Pabianice, Congress Poland; died August 15, 1952, in London) came from a Hasidic family in Poland. She had several conflicts with her traditional parents and decided to move to Berlin, where she wanted to become an actress. In Berlin&#8217;s Scheunenviertel neighborhood, she worked at the J\u00fcdisches Volksheim (Jewish [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dora Diamant (born March 4, 1898, in Pabianice, Congress Poland; died August 15, 1952, in London) came from a <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Hasidism\">Hasidic<\/a> family in Poland. She had several conflicts with her traditional parents and decided to move to Berlin, where she wanted to become an actress. In Berlin&#8217;s Scheunenviertel neighborhood, she worked at the J\u00fcdisches Volksheim (Jewish People\u2019s Home), a meeting place and educational center with a <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Zionism\">Zionist<\/a> and socialist orientation for Eastern European Jewish children and Jewish adults.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There, she met the writer <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#franz-kafka\">Franz Kafka<\/a> in 1923. The Volksheim ran a holiday camp in M\u00fcritz on the Baltic Sea, where Kafka was vacationing at the same time. Soon they moved into an apartment in Berlin-Steglitz and Kafka deepened his knowledge of and connection to Judaism together with Dora. Both attended courses at the renowned College of Jewish Studies. Dora spent Kafka&#8217;s last year with him and was at his side when he died on June 3, 1924.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was only after Kafka&#8217;s death that her acting career took off. At the same time, she became politically active, joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), and married Lutz Lask, editor-in-chief of the newspaper Die Rote Fahne. In 1932, their daughter Franziska Marianne was born. At the beginning of the Nazi dictatorship, the Gestapo (secret police of the Nazi regime) raided Lask\u2019s and Diamant&#8217;s apartment. It is believed that some of Kafka&#8217;s writings and letters, which Dora Diamant may have kept, were confiscated. They are still being searched for in the German Federal Archives today.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lask and Diamant fled to the Soviet Union, where Lask disappeared into the Gulag for years as a victim of Stalinist purges. In the last stage of her life, Dora managed to flee to Great Britain with her daughter in 1938. There she was strongly committed to preserving Yiddish culture and language before she died at the age of 54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kathi Diamant: Kafkas letzte Liebe, Onomato Verlag, D\u00fcsseldorf 2013.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1143 elementor-dcss-6116671317380237\" data-post-id=\"1143\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"paula-furst\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1144 lazyload\" alt=\"Paula Fu\u0308rst\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1144\" alt=\"Paula Fu\u0308rst\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Paula-Furst.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paula F\u00fcrst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1894\u20131942)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The educator Paula F\u00fcrst, born on August 6, 1894, in Glogau, lived with her mother in Berlin from 1906 onwards. She studied history and French and learned about Montessori education at university. She liked the idea of prioritizing the individual development of children and became the head of the first Montessori class in Wilmersdorf (1926). [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The educator Paula F\u00fcrst, born on August 6, 1894, in Glogau, lived with her mother in Berlin from 1906 onwards. She studied history and French and learned about Montessori education at university. She liked the idea of prioritizing the individual development of children and became the head of the first Montessori class in Wilmersdorf (1926).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the Nazi regime came to power (1933), Montessori was rejected as \u201cJewish pedagogy.\u201d It did not fit in with their values of uniformity and absolute obedience. Paula F\u00fcrst was dismissed from her job as a teacher and took over the management of the private Theodor Herzl School, where Jewish children were sent to escape exclusion in public schools. When private schools were also banned in 1938, she became head of the school department of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany. Here she met her last partner, social worker <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#hannah-karminski\">Hannah Karminski.<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together with her, Paula F\u00fcrst then organized escape routes for Jewish children by train to London. Over 10,000 children were saved this way. She herself returned to Germany out of a sense of duty to the Jewish children who had been left behind. In June 1942, she was deported to Minsk and presumably murdered there.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 2015, a Stolperstein in front of her apartment building on Kaiserdamm has commemorated her courage and her story.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Manfred Berger: Paula F\u00fcrst. Eine in Vergessenheit geratene Montessori-P\u00e4dagogin, in: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Montessori-P\u00e4dagogik, 43 (2005), Heft 3, pp. 147ff.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martin-Heinz Ehlert: Paula F\u00fcrst. Aus dem Leben einer j\u00fcdischen P\u00e4dagogin, Text Verlag, Berlin 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paula F\u00fcrst und die j\u00fcdischen Kinder, Zeitclicks, URL: https:\/\/www.zeitklicks.de\/nationalsozialismus\/verfolgung\/die-retter\/paula-fuerst-und-die-juedischen-kinder.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1151 elementor-dcss-6116671364558523\" data-post-id=\"1151\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"alexander-granach\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1152 lazyload\" alt=\"Alexander Granach\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1152\" alt=\"Alexander Granach\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Alexander-Granach.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alexander Granach<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1890\u20131945)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alexander Granach (born Jessaja Szajko Gronach) was born on April 18, 1890, in Werbowitz (Eastern Galicia) and came to Berlin in 1906 as a journeyman baker. Here he became increasingly interested in Berlin&#8217;s literary and Yiddish theater scene.\u00a0\u00a0 After his first appearances in small Yiddish theaters in the Scheunenviertel, he was later accepted by Max [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alexander Granach (born Jessaja Szajko Gronach) was born on April 18, 1890, in Werbowitz (Eastern Galicia) and came to Berlin in 1906 as a journeyman baker. Here he became increasingly interested in Berlin&#8217;s literary and <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Yiddish\">Yiddish<\/a> theater scene.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After his first appearances in small Yiddish theaters in the Scheunenviertel, he was later accepted by <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#max-reinhardt\">Max Reinhardt<\/a> into his acting school at the Deutsches Theater and became part of the ensemble. However, his acting career, in which he made a name for himself with his expressionistic style, was interrupted when he was drafted into the military during World War I.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the war, he initially performed in Munich and, from 1921, also returned to Berlin to perform at the Lessing Theater and Schauspielhaus. He became popular in political theater and as the \u201cKing of the Eastern Jews\u201d in Yiddish theater, and from 1919 onwards he also became known to a wider audience as a film actor in silent films such as <em>Nosferatu<\/em> and later in sound films.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because his Jewish heritage and political activism meant he was at risk of being arrested by the Gestapo, Alexander Granach was forced to flee in 1933. He first went to Vienna, then Poland, and finally the Soviet Union. He remained active as an actor and politician everywhere he went, which led to his temporary arrest in 1937 on suspicion of espionage. Fortunately, he obtained a visa for Switzerland and ultimately emigrated to the United States in 1938.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here he worked primarily as a film actor. From 1944 onwards, he finally found his way into the Broadway scene, where he worked until his death in 1945.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.filmportal.de\/person\/alexander-granach_94ac3c0f798e48b9a96aa329a5c71a44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Alexander Granach, Filmportal, URL: https:\/\/www.filmportal.de\/person\/alexander-granach_94ac3c0f798e48b9a96aa329a5c71a44.&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/kuenste-im-exil.de\/KIE\/Content\/DE\/Personen\/granach-alexander.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Alexander Granach, K\u00fcnste im Exil, URL: https:\/\/kuenste-im-exil.de\/KIE\/Content\/DE\/Personen\/granach-alexander.html.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/data.performing-arts.ch\/r\/ef1ad2f9-8afa-468f-9d3f-32412eccd42a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Thomas Blubacher: Alexander Granach, in: Andreas Kotte (Hrsg.): Theaterlexikon der Schweiz, Band 1, Chronos Verlag, Z\u00fcrich 2005, pp. 743\u2013744, URL: http:\/\/data.performing-arts.ch\/r\/ef1ad2f9-8afa-468f-9d3f-32412eccd42a.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1157 elementor-dcss-6116671414830086\" data-post-id=\"1157\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"regina-jonas\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1158 lazyload\" alt=\"Regina Jonas\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1158\" alt=\"Regina Jonas\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Regina-Jonas.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Regina Jonas<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1902\u20131944)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The world&#8217;s first female rabbi, Regina Jonas, was born on August 3, 1902, in Berlin and grew up in poor circumstances in the Scheunenviertel. Due to the early death of her father, she had to take on a lot of responsibility in her family as a child.&nbsp; She studied at the world-famous College of Jewish [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The world&#8217;s first female rabbi, Regina Jonas, was born on August 3, 1902, in Berlin and grew up in poor circumstances in the Scheunenviertel. Due to the early death of her father, she had to take on a lot of responsibility in her family as a child.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She studied at the world-famous College of Jewish Studies on what is now Tucholskystra\u00dfe. In her written <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Halacha\">halachic<\/a> thesis (an examination of the religious laws of Judaism), she addressed the question \u201cCan women hold rabbinical office?\u201d and wrote in her conclusion: &#8220;Apart from prejudice and unfamiliarity&#8230; there is almost nothing in halacha that forbids a woman from holding rabbinical office.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even after her ordination in 1935, she was not universally recognized. She often gave speeches and lectures, but was not allowed to take on many other functions, although, according to a letter from Max Brasch to the synagogue board, she was celebrated by many community members for her knowledge and abilities: \u201cWe cannot understand why a woman as a <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Rabbi\">Rabbi<\/a> with such oratorical talent and profound knowledge should not be allowed to preach from the pulpit of the New Synagogue.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On November 6, 1942, she was deported with her mother to Theresienstadt, where she continued to practice her spiritual profession. On October 12, 1944, she was sent to Auschwitz and murdered there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elisa Klapheck: Regina Jonas. Die Weltweit Erste Rabbinerin (J\u00fcdische Miniaturen, Band 4), Hentrich &amp; Hentrich, Berlin 2003.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maren Kr\u00fcger: Regina Jonas. Die erste Rabbinerin in Deutschland 1935\u20131942, in: Hermann Simon\/Jochen Boberg (Hrsg.): Tuet auf die Pforten. Die Neue Synagoge 1866\u20131995, Stiftung Neue Synagoge Berlin \u2013 Centrum Judaicum, Berlin 1995, pp. 146\u2013150.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1153 elementor-dcss-6116671462425145\" data-post-id=\"1153\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"franz-kafka\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1154 lazyload\" alt=\"Franz Kafka\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1154\" alt=\"Franz Kafka\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Franz-Kafka.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Franz Kafka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1883\u20131924)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>he writer Franz Kafka was born on July 3, 1883, in Prague. He had a significant influence on 20th-century literature with his often absurd, enigmatic, and eerie stories. Today, this style is referred to as Kafkaesque. Kafka grew up in a business-oriented family; his father owned a haberdashery shop. After studying law, he began a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">he writer Franz Kafka was born on July 3, 1883, in Prague. He had a significant influence on 20th-century literature with his often absurd, enigmatic, and eerie stories. Today, this style is referred to as Kafkaesque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kafka grew up in a business-oriented family; his father owned a haberdashery shop. After studying law, he began a career as a civil servant and wrote only in his spare time. He was inspired by his visits to the theater, cabaret, and cinema, by his travels, and by his fascination with the technical innovations of the time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1912, Kafka published his first book and wrote \u201cThe Judgment.\u201d He also met Felice Bauer, to whom he was briefly engaged and whose failed relationship inspired him to write his most famous work, \u201cThe Trial.\u201d His experiences during World War I, in which he was not drafted, also influenced this work.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Between 1915 and 1923, he published his stories \u201cThe Metamorphosis\u201d and \u201cBefore the Law,\u201d wrote the autobiographical work \u201cLetter to His Father,\u201d the novel \u201cThe Castle,\u201d and the story \u201cA Hunger Artist.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On September 24, 1923, Franz Kafka finally moved to Berlin. Months earlier, he had fallen in love with <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#dora-diamant\">Dora Diamant<\/a>, an aspiring Jewish actress from Poland who worked at the \u201cJ\u00fcdisches Volksheim\u201d (Jewish People&#8217;s Home) in Berlin&#8217;s Scheunenviertel. The two moved into an apartment together in Steglitz and studied at the College of Jewish Studies (the building is now the Leo Baeck House at Tucholskystra\u00dfe 9). At that time, Kafka was seriously ill with tuberculosis and could only leave the apartment on good days. Nevertheless, he attended courses in Hebrew language and Jewish history.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Franz Kafka died on June 3, 1924. In his will, he stipulated that all his writings should be destroyed, but his friend Max Brod continued to publish his works. During the Nazi era, his books were burned, and his three sisters were murdered in concentration camps.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kathi Diamant: Kafkas letzte Liebe, Onomato Verlag, D\u00fcsseldorf 2013.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Franz Kafka: Briefe. 1902\u20131924, S. Fischer Verlag, Berlin 1966.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1139 elementor-dcss-6116671510351715\" data-post-id=\"1139\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"mascha-kaleko\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1140 lazyload\" alt=\"Mascha Kale\u0301ko\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1140\" alt=\"Mascha Kale\u0301ko\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Mascha-Kaleko.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mascha Kal\u00e9ko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1907\u20131975)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mascha Kal\u00e9ko was a new luminary of the literature scene of Berlin during the Weimar Republic, until the Nazi regime put an end to her young career. Born in Galicia in 1907, she came to Germany with her parents as a war refugee and lived in Berlin&#8217;s Scheunenviertel district from 1918. Mascha initially worked as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mascha Kal\u00e9ko was a new luminary of the literature scene of Berlin during the Weimar Republic, until the Nazi regime put an end to her young career. Born in Galicia in 1907, she came to Germany with her parents as a war refugee and lived in Berlin&#8217;s Scheunenviertel district from 1918. Mascha initially worked as a secretary in the workers&#8217; welfare office of the Jewish community at Auguststra\u00dfe 17, where she met her first husband <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#saul-kaleko\">Saul Kal\u00e9ko<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Her first work <em>Das lyrische Stenogrammheft <\/em>(1933) was a great success. The young couple moved to Charlottenburg. Mascha was quickly regarded as one of the new talents of the Berlin literary scene, which met regularly in the <em>Romanisches Caf\u00e9<\/em> in Charlottenburg.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the Nazis soon put an end to this. The marriage fell apart. Saul moved to the <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Mandate-Territory-of-Palestine\">British Mandate of Palestine,<\/a> Mascha married the composer and musicologist <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#chemjo-vinaver\">Chemjo Vinaver<\/a>, but kept the surname Kal\u00e9ko as her artist\u2019s name. In 1938, Mascha was able to emigrate to the USA with Vinaver and her young son and moved into an apartment on Minetta Street in Manhattan. She later moved to Jerusalem with Vinaver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the war, she found a readership in Germany once again. In 1974, she visited Berlin for the last time and gave a lecture at the American Memorial Library in Kreuzberg in September. On January 21, 1975, the poet died of stomach cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gisela Zoch-Westphal: Aus den sechs Leben der Mascha Kal\u00e9ko. Biographische Skizzen, ein Tagebuch und Briefe mit 62 Fotos und Zeichnungen sowie 19 Dokumenten, Arani Verlag, Berlin 1987.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jutta Rosenkranz: Mascha Kal\u00e9ko, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 2024.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1141 elementor-dcss-6116671558898389\" data-post-id=\"1141\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"saul-kaleko\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-768x1000.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-768x1000.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-230x300.png 230w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-787x1024.png 787w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"1000\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1142 lazyload\" alt=\"Saul Kale\u0301ko\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-768x1000.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1142\" alt=\"Saul Kale\u0301ko\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-768x1000.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-230x300.png 230w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko-787x1024.png 787w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Saul-Kaleko.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Saul Kal\u00e9ko<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1879\u20131970)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The name Kal\u00e9ko is well-known because of Saul\u2019s famous first wife, the poet Mascha Kal\u00e9ko, who kept his name as a pen name even after their divorce.\u00a0 Saul, like Mascha, was one of many Jewish migrants from Eastern and Central Europe who fled to Germany at the beginning of the 20th century to escape war [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The name Kal\u00e9ko is well-known because of Saul\u2019s famous first wife, the poet <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#mascha-kaleko\">Mascha Kal\u00e9ko<\/a>, who kept his name as a pen name even after their divorce.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saul, like Mascha, was one of many Jewish migrants from Eastern and Central Europe who fled to Germany at the beginning of the 20th century to escape war and persecution. He came from Ei\u0161i\u0161k\u0117s (today on the border between Lithuania and Belarus) and came to Berlin to continue his studies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here he became secretary of the Association of Jewish Student Organizations, which organized scholarships and support for its destitute members, among other things. The office was located at Auguststra\u00dfe 17 \u2013 behind the New Synagogue \u2013 where Mascha also worked for the workers&#8217; welfare office of the Jewish community.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Saul earned a doctorate in economics, became politically active, wrote for Jewish publications and wrote the textbook <em>Hebr\u00e4isch f\u00fcr Jedermann<\/em> (<em>Hebrew for Everyone)<\/em>. The Kal\u00e9kos achieved impressive social advancement and moved from the Scheunenviertel to Charlottenburg. However, the Nazi dictatorship put them under massive pressure. They divorced in 1938. Saul emigrated to <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Mandate-Territory-of-Palestine\">Palestine<\/a> and from then on called himself Shaul Barkali. He spent the rest of his life in Israel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anne-Christin Sa\u00df: Berliner Luftmenschen. Osteurop\u00e4isch-j\u00fcdische Migranten in der Weimarer Republik, Wallstein Verlag, G\u00f6ttingen 2012, pp. 174\u2013176.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elena Solominski: Helfen bedeutet Leben. Jacob Teitel und der Verband russischer Juden in Deutschland. 1920\u20131935, Hentrich &amp; Hentrich, Berlin 2022, pp. 84\u201389.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waldorfschule-mitte.de\/jacob-teitel-und-weltvereinigung-kinder-freunde\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Elena Solominski: Jacob Teitel und die Weltvereinigung der &#8220;Kinder-Freunde&#8221;, URL: https:\/\/www.waldorfschule-mitte.de\/jacob-teitel-und-weltvereinigung-kinder-freunde\/.&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Francis R. Nicosia (Hrsg.): Dokumente zur Geschichte des Deutschen Zionismus 1933\u20131941, Mohr Siebeck, T\u00fcbingen 2018, pp. 311\u2013312.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/library.osu.edu\/projects\/hebrew-lexicon\/03645.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Shaul Barkali, in: Modern Hebrew Literature, URL: https:\/\/library.osu.edu\/projects\/hebrew-lexicon\/03645.php.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.yadvashem.org\/en\/documents\/3549278\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Testimony of Dr. Schaul (Saul Kaleko) Barkali, Ball-Kaduri Collection. Contemporary testimonies and reports regarding the Holocaust of the Jews of Germany and Central Europe. 1943\u20131960, URL: https:\/\/collections.yadvashem.org\/en\/documents\/3549278.&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1145 elementor-dcss-6116671602757736\" data-post-id=\"1145\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"hannah-karminski\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1146 lazyload\" alt=\"Hannah Karminski\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1146\" alt=\"Hannah Karminski\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Hannah-Karminski.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hannah Karminski<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1897\u20131943)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hannah Karminski was born on April 24, 1897, in Berlin and grew up on Oranienburger Stra\u00dfe near the New Synagogue. After training as a kindergarten teacher and social worker in Berlin and Hamburg, she initially worked at a girls&#8217; club in Frankfurt am Main. There she met the women&#8217;s rights activist Bertha Pappenheim, through whom [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hannah Karminski was born on April 24, 1897, in Berlin and grew up on Oranienburger Stra\u00dfe near the New Synagogue. After training as a kindergarten teacher and social worker in Berlin and Hamburg, she initially worked at a girls&#8217; club in Frankfurt am Main. There she met the women&#8217;s rights activist Bertha Pappenheim, through whom she came to the Jewish Women&#8217;s Association## and to Berlin.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here she became involved in the <em>Bl\u00e4tter des J\u00fcdischen Frauenbundes f\u00fcr Frauenarbeit und Frauenbewegung <\/em>(Journal of the Jewish Women&#8217;s Association for Women&#8217;s Work and the Women&#8217;s Movement) and took over the leadership of the Jewish Women&#8217;s Association in 1933. When Jewish organizations were banned in 1938, she became active in the <em>Reich Representation of German Jews<\/em> and, together with <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#cora-berliner\">Cora Berliner<\/a>, helped Jews to leave the country. Together with her partner <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#paula-furst\">Paula F\u00fcrst<\/a>, she also organized the rescue of Jewish children to England.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In November 1942, she was arrested by the Gestapo (secret police of the Nazi regime), deported to Auschwitz, and murdered there.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, a Stolperstein in front of her apartment building in Berlin Mitte commemorates her.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Manfred Berger: Hannah Karminski. Der j\u00fcdischen Tradition verpflichtet. In: Berlin Aktuell. 2000\/Nr. 66, pp. 18\u201319.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marion A. Kaplan: Die j\u00fcdische Frauenbewegung in Deutschland. Organisation und Ziele des J\u00fcdischen Frauenbundes 1904\u20131938. Hamburg 1981, pp. 148\u2013150.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medaon.de\/pdf\/medaon_35_naimark-goldberg.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Gudrun Maierhof: \u201aIch bleibe, um meine Pflicht zu tun\u2018. Hannah Karminski (1897\u20131942). In: Sabine Hering (Hrsg.): J\u00fcdische Wohlfahrt im Spiegel von Biographien. Frankfurt\/Main 2006, pp. 220\u2013228Natalie Naimark-Goldberg: Biographien j\u00fcdischer Frauen: Hannah Karminski (1897\u20131943) \u2013 Jewish Feminist Leader and Social Worker. In: Medaon. Bd. 18 (2024), Heft 35, URL: https:\/\/www.medaon.de\/pdf\/medaon_35_naimark-goldberg.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1155 elementor-dcss-6116671645387631\" data-post-id=\"1155\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"siegfried-lehmann\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1156 lazyload\" alt=\"Siegfried Lehman\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1156\" alt=\"Siegfried Lehman\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Siegfried-Lehman.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Siegfried Lehmann<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1892\u20131958)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The physician and educator Siegfried Lehmann was born on January 4, 1892, in Berlin. After several stops along the way, he began studying medicine at the Albert Ludwig University in Freiburg im Breisgau in 1913. He continued his studies in Frankfurt an der Oder and Berlin, earning his doctorate in 1920 with a thesis entitled [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The physician and educator Siegfried Lehmann was born on January 4, 1892, in Berlin. After several stops along the way, he began studying medicine at the Albert Ludwig University in Freiburg im Breisgau in 1913. He continued his studies in Frankfurt an der Oder and Berlin, earning his doctorate in 1920 with a thesis entitled \u201cOn the Prognosis of Mental Development in Childhood Epilepsy.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a student, Siegfried Lehmann became increasingly interested in his Jewish identity and the ideas of <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Zionism\">Zionism<\/a>, visiting <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Mandate-Territory-of-Palestine\">Palestine<\/a> for the first time in the summer of 1914. Two years later, he founded the \u201cJ\u00fcdisches Volksheim\u201d (Jewish People&#8217;s Home) in the Scheunenviertel district to support Jews from Eastern Europe with social services upon their arrival in Berlin. Here, young people could learn basic skills in crafts, for example.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Due to his special commitment to children and young people, the doctor received an offer from the Jewish National Council of Lithuania in 1921 to set up a children&#8217;s home in Kaunas. Here, based on his socio-educational approach and together with his first wife Annie Lehmann, he cared for around 200 Jewish orphans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1920s, he decided to pursue further education in pedagogy and eventually went to Palestine with a youth group from the children&#8217;s home and his second wife, the physician Rebecca Klawanska, to found the Ben Schemen youth kibbutz. Starting in 1932, around 500 children and young people came here in cooperation with Recha Freier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sources\/Literature:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/akjw.hypotheses.org\/949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Beate Lehmann: Siegfried Lehmann, Arbeitskreis J\u00fcdische Wohlfahrt, URL: https:\/\/akjw.hypotheses.org\/949.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digipres.cjh.org\/delivery\/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE9922525\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Leo Beack Institute Jerusalem Collection, Das J\u00fcdische Volksheim Berlin. Erster Bericht, Mai Dezember 1916, URL: https:\/\/digipres.cjh.org\/delivery\/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE9922525.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digipres.cjh.org\/delivery\/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE11017317\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Leo Baeck Institute Jerusalem Collection, J\u00fcdisches Volksheim Berlin. 50th Anniversary 1966\u20131974, Bl. 43, URL: https:\/\/digipres.cjh.org\/delivery\/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE11017317.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1149 elementor-dcss-6116671679983572\" data-post-id=\"1149\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"max-reinhardt\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1150 lazyload\" alt=\"Max Reinhardt\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1150\" alt=\"Max Reinhardt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Max-Reinhardt.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Max Reinhardt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1873\u20131943)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The actor, theater director, and manager Max Reinhardt (real name Max Goldmann) was born on September 9, 1873, into a Jewish family in Lower Austria. He first trained in banking before deciding to devote himself to acting.&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1894, he moved to Berlin to start working as an actor at the Deutsches Theater. Soon after, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The actor, theater director, and manager Max Reinhardt (real name Max Goldmann) was born on September 9, 1873, into a Jewish family in Lower Austria. He first trained in banking before deciding to devote himself to acting.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1894, he moved to Berlin to start working as an actor at the <em>Deutsches Theater<\/em>. Soon after, he founded the association <em>Die Brille<\/em> and the famous cabaret <em>Schall und Rauch<\/em>. Between 1900 and 1933, he directed several theaters in Berlin, including the <em>Deutsches Theater,<\/em> the <em>Gro\u00dfes Schauspielhaus<\/em>, and<em> Volksb\u00fchne<\/em>, which he shaped with his visionary ideas. He also worked in Vienna for a while and co-founded the <em>Salzburg Festival<\/em>, where he staged well-known performances until 1937.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the Nazis came to power, he initially fled to Austria. After the Anschluss in 1938, he was forced to emigrate to the USA, where he opened an acting school in Hollywood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Knut Boeser und Renata Vatkov\u00e1 (Hrsg.): Max Reinhardt in Berlin. Fr\u00f6lich &amp; Kaufmann, Berlin 1984.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sibylle Zehle: Max Reinhardt. Ein Leben als Festspiel. Brandst\u00e4tter, Wien 2020.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1133 elementor-dcss-6116671721281749\" data-post-id=\"1133\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"jacob-teitel\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1134 lazyload\" alt=\"Jacob Teitel\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1134\" alt=\"Jacob Teitel\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Jacob-Teitel.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jacob Teitel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1850\u20131939)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jacob Teitel was born on November 15, 1850, in the Russian Empire. He was a lawyer and, before the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the only Jewish judge in Russia. Throughout his life, he represented the interests of people from the poorest social classes. During the Russian Civil War, he emigrated to Berlin as a political [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jacob Teitel was born on November 15, 1850, in the Russian Empire. He was a lawyer and, before the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the only Jewish judge in Russia. Throughout his life, he represented the interests of people from the poorest social classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the Russian Civil War, he emigrated to Berlin as a political refugee and founded the \u201cAssociation of Russian Jews in Germany.\u201d He also founded a children&#8217;s group that brought together children from different religious and social backgrounds. On December 23, 1923, the children of the \u201cWeltvereinigung der Kinderfreunde\u201d held their first meeting at Gormannstra\u00dfe 3 on the edge of the Scheunenviertel district.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The children were looked after by an educational team that gave them a great deal of freedom in organizing concert and theater evenings and other events as part of progressive educational concepts. The future poet <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#mascha-kaleko\">Mascha Kal\u00e9ko<\/a> and her first husband <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#saul-kaleko\">Saul Kal\u00e9ko<\/a> worked here, as did the child psychologist Fischl Schneersohn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frida Ogler, a member of the association, said to Teitel: \u201cWe feel completely free here &#8230; and feel like brothers and sisters.\u201d The association existed until the Nazis came to power in 1933, when Teitel emigrated to Paris, where he died in 1938.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elena Solominski: Helfen bedeutet Leben. Jacob Teitel und der Verband russischer Juden in Deutschland. 1920\u20131935, Hentrich &amp; Hentrich, Berlin 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.waldorfschule-mitte.de\/jacob-teitel-und-weltvereinigung-kinder-freunde\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Elena Solominski: Jacob Teitel und die Weltvereinigung der &#8220;Kinder-Freunde&#8221;, Webseite der Waldorfschule Berlin-Mitte, URL: https:\/\/www.waldorfschule-mitte.de\/jacob-teitel-und-weltvereinigung-kinder-freunde\/.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1122 elementor-dcss-6116671766057669\" data-post-id=\"1122\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"chemjo-vinaver\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-768x768.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver.png 1024w\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1131 lazyload\" alt=\"Chemjo Vinaver\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-768x768.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1131\" alt=\"Chemjo Vinaver\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Chemjo-Vinaver.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chemjo Vinaver<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1900\u20131973)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chemjo Vinaver (born July 10, 1900 in Warsaw, Congress Poland) came from a prominent Warsaw Hasidic family. He studied music in Warsaw and Berlin and initially became choirmaster of the Berlin Friedenstempel in Halensee and later a choirmaster of the Jewish Community of Berlin.\u00a0 At the beginning of the Nazi era, he founded the a-cappella [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chemjo Vinaver (born July 10, 1900 in Warsaw, Congress Poland) came from a prominent Warsaw <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Hasidism\">Hasidic <\/a>family. He studied music in Warsaw and Berlin and initially became choirmaster of the Berlin Friedenstempel in Halensee and later a choirmaster of the Jewish Community of Berlin.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the beginning of the Nazi era, he founded the a-cappella male choir Hanigun, which was mainly made up of Jewish singers who had been barred from working in German opera houses. Vinaver brought much of his family&#8217;s Hasidic musical traditions into his work as a choirmaster. He was also interested in the music of Jewish communities scattered throughout the world and performed not only classics of German synagogue music with his choir, but also songs from Yemenite Judaism and the various <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/glossary\/#Sepharad\">Sephardic<\/a> musical traditions. He also wrote numerous essays and books on the history of Jewish music and its various traditions.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vinaver was also the second husband of the famous Berlin poet <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#mascha-kaleko\">Mascha Kal\u00e9ko<\/a>. In 1938, they went into exile in the USA with their son Steven. Vinaver continued to work as a composer in New York and later in Israel, where he died in 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de\/object\/lexm_lexmperson_00003706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Sophie Fetthauer: Chemjo Vinaver, in: Claudia Maurer Zenck\/Peter Petersen (Hrsg.): Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Hamburg 2010, URL: https:\/\/www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de\/object\/lexm_lexmperson_00003706.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/religion\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/vinaver-chemjo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Vinaver, Chemjo, in:&nbsp;Encyclopaedia Judaica, URL: https:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/religion\/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps\/vinaver-chemjo.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class=\"jet-listing-grid__item jet-listing-dynamic-post-1135 elementor-dcss-6116671806183030\" data-post-id=\"1135\"  >\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"jet-listing-items\" data-elementor-id=\"1074\" class=\"elementor elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"jet-engine\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ffcc5 e-con-full biographies-item e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b7ffcc5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"gertrud-weil-geb-welkanoz\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084a6fb elementor-widget__width-initial bio-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"084a6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gertrud-Weil-geb.-Welkanoz.png\" width=\"240\" height=\"259\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1136 lazyload\" alt=\"\" \/><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"259\" src=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gertrud-Weil-geb.-Welkanoz.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1136\" alt=\"\"><\/noscript>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e762f4b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e762f4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e277427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e277427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gertrud Weil (geb. Welkanoz)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a84bbc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"a84bbc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >(1888\u20131963)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2e0f2d people-excerpt elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"a2e0f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gertrud Weil, n\u00e9e Welkanoz (born 1888 in Berlin) belonged to the circle of young German Jews that formed around the medical student Siegfried Lehmann.\u00a0 Together they founded the J\u00fcdisches Volksheim (Jewish People&#8217;s Home) at Dragonerstra\u00dfe 22 (now Max-Beer-Stra\u00dfe 5) in the Scheunenviertel in the Spandauer Vorstadt in 1916. It was a kind of youth club [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1335572 people-full elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field\" data-id=\"1335572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap\"><div class=\"jet-listing-dynamic-field__content\" >\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gertrud Weil, n\u00e9e Welkanoz (born 1888 in Berlin) belonged to the circle of young German Jews that formed around the medical student <a href=\"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/biographies\/#siegfried-lehmann\">Siegfried Lehmann<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together they founded the J\u00fcdisches Volksheim (Jewish People&#8217;s Home) at Dragonerstra\u00dfe 22 (now Max-Beer-Stra\u00dfe 5) in the Scheunenviertel in the Spandauer Vorstadt in 1916. It was a kind of youth club for Eastern European Jewish children, but also much more than that. According to Gertrud, it was \u201ca place where Jewish life found physical expression, because Western and Eastern Jews, the educated and the ignorant, people of all ages met here\u201d. Through contact and cooperation on an equal footing, a \u201chappy mutual assimilation developed there, as much our precarious existence allowed it.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although Gertrud was the director of the Volksheim for the longest period of time and published several essays about its work in various publications, her contribution to the Volksheim is often only mentioned in passing or completely ignored. Yet contemporaries such as Gershom Scholem said of her that she was its \u201cundisputed central figure.\u201d According to Scholem: &#8220;She seemed to me to be the only trained social worker, but I was wrong, because she was an employee of a large bank by profession, and in fact there was not a single professional employee among the volunteers. But their combined knowledge was nothing compared to the tremendous influence, even magic, that [Gertrud] exerted on all the girls there.&#8221; Today, there is a memorial plaque at the former location of the Volksheim, which does not even mention Gertrud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together with her husband Ernst Weil, she was able to flee from the National Socialists to England, where she spent the rest of her life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sources\/Literature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gershom Scholem: Von Berlin nach Jerusalem. Jugenderinnerungen, J\u00fcdischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1994, p. 85.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/jdischewohlfahrtzen\/page\/n152\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Gertrud Weil: Vom j\u00fcdischen Volksheim in Berlin, in: J\u00fcdische Wohlfahrtspflege und Sozialpolitik. Zeitschrift der Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der deutschen Juden und der Hauptstelle f\u00fcr j\u00fcdische Wanderf\u00fcrsorge und Arbeitsnachweise, 1 (1939), pp. 281\u2013284, URL: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/jdischewohlfahrtzen\/page\/n152\/.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-204bc54 people-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"204bc54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"#\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read More<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biographies (1873\u20131956) Leo Baeck was born on May 23, 1873, in Lissa, the son of a rabbi. He began his studies at the rabbinical seminary in Breslau before moving to Berlin, where he studied at the College for Jewish Studies and Friedrich Wilhelm University. He received his doctorate in 1895 with a thesis on \u201cSpinoza&#8217;s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":1134,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1072","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1072"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1072\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jewishmitteberlin.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}